Instructional Design Skills and Competencies Dissertation

Instructional Design Skills and Competencies - Dissertation Example This includes internal training courses, formal and informal mentoring, certification programs, and externally run training courses. Unfortunately, this is not the case for all faculty. Although these numbers have increased nationwide, when analyzing data from individual schools, there are many faculty who do not receive this training. The specific topic for this research is the skills that are needed for faculty who are involved in online course development, and the training that is needed to assist in this development. 1.4 Research Problem Write a brief statement that fully describes the problem being addressed. Present this in one sentence or no more than one clear concise paragraph. Through the past decade, the number of higher education institutions that offer online courses has increased, and there has been an increase of enrollment in these courses (Allen and Seaman, 2011). In specific colleges and universities, faculty members are faced with developing these courses without f ormal training in many cases. This lack of knowledge indicates a need for increased knowledge and skill building for all teachers developing and teaching online course. According to Allen and Seaman (2011), 65% of institutions surveyed indicated that online course delivery is critical to an institution’s long-term plans. Also, there has been an increase in acceptance of online courses (Carliner & Driscoll, 2009). Faculty is often responsible for creation, development, and management of online classes (Carliner & Driscoll, 2009), without formal training. Devries (2007) states that there is an assumption that ready-made software automates part of course development processes, leaving only the contributions of subject matter experts (SMEs), who are the faculty-designers. This usually is not true in practice. Although the software may use templates and other tools, faculty may lack understanding of how to use them (De Vries, 2007). Faculty-designers are often met with the tasks o f developing and managing course content, facilitating and recording student activity, providing consultation sessions for students with questions and concerns and developing meaningful learning activities (Ally, 2008). The need for faculty training in these areas is well documented (Ally, 2008; De Vries, 2007) and an effective training program to enhance the skills needed must be found. 1.5 Research Purpose Write a brief statement that fully describes the intent of the study or the reason for conducting the study. Present this in one sentence or no more than one clear concise paragraph. The purpose of this study is to understand the needs of faculty designers who teach and design online courses. The findings from this study will provide insight into instructional design skills currently used by faculty-designers of online higher education courses. It will also provide information about skills required to develop and manage online courses from the faculty-designer perspective. The f uture purpose of this research is to design a training program for a higher education institution where faculty need training. 1.6 Research Question(s) (What do you really want to know? The rest of this form derives from and should constantly be

Ap Biology Notes Cellular Communication Essay Example for Free

Ap Biology Notes Cellular Communication Essay Cell-to-cell communication is essential in multicellular organisms. They must communicate to coordinate activities such as growth and development, and reproduction. In addition unicellular organisms communicate with each other. Signals may use light, or touch but we will focus on chemical signals. 1. External signals are converted to responses within the cell a. Evolution of cell signaling i. In yeast a cells and ÃŽ ±cells both secrete chemicals, which can only be received by the alternate type yeast. This signals the two cells to join via fusion 1. The process by which the signal on the surface of the cell is converted to a series of steps by the cell in response is called a signal transduction pathway ii. Signal transduction pathways are very similar in yeast and in complex multicellular organisms 2. This leads scientists to believe that this pathway evolved first in ancient prokaryotes b. Local and long distance signaling iii. Local signaling 3. Adjacent cells of plants and animals may communicate through cell junctions a. Signaling substances dissolved in the cytoplasm travel between cells i. Plants = plasmodesmata ii. Animals = gap junctions 4. Animal cells may use the following b. Cell-to-cell recognition iii. Direct contact between membrane-bound cell-surface molecules iv. Important in embryonic development and immune response c. Paracrine signaling v. Uses local regulators which are released and travel only a short distance to nearby cells vi. Ex. Growth factors target nearby cells to grow and divide d. Synaptic signaling vii. Electrical signal along a nerve cell triggers a chemical release across a synapse to trigger response in target cell viii. Ex. Nerve cells iv. Long- distance signaling 5. Both plants and animals use hormones e. Animals (endocrine signaling) cells release hormones which travel in the circulatory system to target cells f. Plants hormones travel in vessels or by diffusion through the air as gas g. Hormones vary in size and shape 6. Nervous system signals can also be long distance c. The three stages of cell signaling: A preview v. Reception: when the target cell detects a signaling molecule. The signaling molecule binds to a receptor protein on the target cell’s surface vi. Transduction: After binding the receptor protein is changed in some way, this converts the signal to a form that will bring about a specific cellular response 7. May occur in a single step or a series of changes vii. Response: The transduced signal triggers a specific cellular response. 8. Catalysis of an enzyme, rearrangement of the cytoskeleton, activation of a specific gene 2. Reception: A signaling molecule binds to a receptor protein, causing it to change shape d. To ensure signals are sent to the correct cell signaling molecules act as a ligand. viii. Ligand- molecule that specifically binds to another (usually larger) molecule ix. The receptor protein then usually changes shape x. May be located on the membrane or inside the cell e. Receptors in the plasma membrane xi. Water-soluble signaling molecule binds to receptor on the membrane causing it to change shape or aggregate. f. Intracellular Receptors xii. Found in cytoplasm or nucleus of target cells 9. Signaling molecule must be hydrophobic enough or small enough to pass through the plasma membrane h. Steroid hormones, thyroid hormones, nitric oxide | Examples| Pathway| Other| G-Protein Coupled Receptors| Yeast mating factors, epinephrine, hormones, neurotransmitters| 1. signaling molecule binds to the g-protein receptor 2. receptor changes shape and the cytoplasmic side binds to the inactive G protein 3. GTP then displaces to form GDP and activates the protein 4. Activated G protein diffuses along the membrane to an enzyme altering the enzyme to trigger the next step| Bacteria such as whooping cough, botulism and cholera disrupt this pathway| Receptor Tyrosine Kinases| Enzymes that catalyze the transfer of phosphate groups| 1. binding of two signaling molecules to two tyrosine chains causes the two to associate with each other forming a dimer 2. dimerization activates the tyrosine kinase region to add a phosphate from and ATP to each tyrosine in the polypeptide 3. each tail can now bind to and activate a different specific relay protein within the cell| One receptor may activate ten+ pathways. Absence can result in cancer| Ion Channel Receptors| Nervous system| 1. signaling molecule binds to the ion channel in the membrane 2. protein changes shape creating a channel through the membrane 3. specific ions can now flow through the membrane which may cause a change in the cell or trigger another pathway| Some ion gated channels are controlled by change in voltage rather than binding of a ligand| g. Intracellular Receptors xiii. Ex. Testosterone 10. Hormone passes through the plasma membrane 11. Testosterone binds to a receptor protein in the cytoplasm activating it 12. The hormone-receptor complex enters the nucleus and binds to a specific gene 13. The bound protein acts as a transcription factor, stimulating the transcription of the gene into mRNA 14. The mRNA is translated into a specific protein 3. Transduction: cascades of molecular interactions relay signals from receptor to target molecules in the cell h. Protein phosphorylation and dephosphorylation xiv. Proteins can be activated by the addition of a phosphate group (often broken off of ATP or GTP) 15. Phosphates are transferred from ATP to a protein by a general group of enzymes known as protein kinases i. Phosphorylation often causes the protein to change shape j. This happens because the added phosphate group interacts with polar or charged amino acids within the protein xv. Protein phosphatases are enzymes that remove phosphate groups from a protein 16. Mechanism for turning off signal transduction 17. These also allow for turning off and reusing pathways i. Small molecules and ions as second messengers xvi. Molecules other than proteins act as second messengers 18. Small and water soluble such as ions k. This allows them to rapidly spread throughout the cell via diffusion 19. Second messenger refers to anything after the first messenger which is the extracellular signaling molecule that binds to the membrane 20. Most common second messengers are cyclic AMP and Ca+2 xvii. Cyclic AMP as a second messenger in response to the hormone epinephrine 21. Epinephrine binds to receptor molecule protein activates adenylyl cyclase which can catalyze the synthesis of many molecules of cAMP l. Adenylyl cyclase catalyzes the conversion of ATP into cAMP ix. cAMP usually activates a serine/threonine kinase known as protein kinase A which phosphorylates many other proteins m. cAMP is converted back to AMP by phosphodiesterase xviii. Calcium ions and inositol tripohosphate 22. Increasing calcium concentration causes responses such as muscle contraction, secretion of substances, and cell division in animals, and greening in response to light in plants 23. Calcium is usually in high concentrations outside of the cell and in the ER but in low concentrations in the cytosol 24. Pathway n. Signaling molecule binds to receptor   o. Phospholipid pinches off membrane IP3 is released as second messenger p. IP3 binds to receptor on ER causing protein channel to open q. Ca+2 is released into cytosol 4. Response: Cell signaling leads to regulation of transcription or cytoplasmic activities j. Nuclear and cytoplasmic responses xix. Pathways lead to the regulation of one or more cellular activities 25. Regulate protein synthesis r. Turning specific genes on or off (calls for the synthesis of mRNA from DNA) 26. Regulate protein activity s. Cause a shape change to turn a protein on or off 27. Regulate overall shape change of cell 28. Release of mating factors 29. Cell division k. Fine-tuning of the response xx. Signal amplification 30. Enzyme cascades amplify effects by increasing the product at each step t. Enzymes stay active long enough to work on multiple products before becoming inactive xxi. The specificity of cell signaling and coordination of the response 31. Different types of cells are programmed to respond to only certain types of signals u. Some cells will respond to the same signals but in different ways v. This is because different cells have different collections of proteins xxii. Signaling efficiency: scaffolding proteins and signaling complexes 32. Scaffolding proteins increase the efficiency of the response w. A large protein with multiple protein kinases attached x. Decreases the time of the response because diffusion between proteins is not needed 33. Pathways are not linear, in fact the same protein may act in multiple pathways 34. Relay proteins serve as branch points where the signal may go in one of two directions xxiii. Termination of the signal 35. Each step in the pathway lasts only a short time, this makes the proteins ready for a new signal 36. When the signaling molecule leaves leave the receptor it reverts to its inactive form and the relay molecules follow

Cesar Chavez: A Great Organizer and Leader Essay -- The United Farm Wo

Labor unions have been instrumental in the lives of workers throughout American history, and have led to important advances in the American workforce. Throughout history there have been patterns of exploitation of immigrant workers by businesses in order to increase profits; the Mexican migrant workers of southern California are the most recent historical group to fall into this pattern of exploitation mostly from their lack of organization. Cesar E. Chavez was a great organizer and leader of the United Farm Workers labor union. Robert Kennedy referred to him as â€Å"one of the heroic figures of our time.† Chavez used his life experiences in order to better the lives of many migrant workers in America. Key points in Chavez’s life that had profound effects on the Mexican American workers include things such as: his first taste of leading political organizations in 1952; the foundation of the United Farm Workers of America in 1962; and the use of nonviolent approaches such as boycotts, strikes, and fasts, as seen in the grape and lettuce strikes. Throughout his career his selfless exploits made him the hero that he is now seen to be. When these key portions of Chavez’s life are examined, it can be seen that he had a very large role in gaining and defending civil rights, wage increases, and worker benefits for migrant farmers (Chavez Foundation). In 1952 Chavez would begin his career as a community leader and political organizer through the Community Service Organization or CSO, which was already established as a prominent Mexican American civil rights organization in southern California. The CSO worked mostly with voter registration and everyday problems that Mexican Americans would encounter, and this served as a valuable learni... ... understood what was right, and he sought to fill the need that had been left by government and the private sector. Works Cited Chavezfoundation. â€Å"Cesar E. Chavez> American Hero.† http://www.chavezfoundation.org/_page.php?code=001001000000000&page_ttl=American+Hero&kind=1. Griswold Del Castillo, Richard, and Richard A. Garcia. Cà ©sar Chavez: A Triumph of Spirit. The Oklahoma western biographies, v. 2. Norman, Okla: University of Oklahoma Press, 1995 Martin, Philip. â€Å"Labor Relations in California Agriculture: 1975-2000†. September 20, 2000. http://migration.ucdavis.edu/cf/more.php?id=44_0_2_0. Moore, Joan W., Cuellar, Alfredo. Mexican America. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc 1970. Tejada-Flores, Rick. â€Å"Fight in the Fields: Cesar Chavez and the Farmworkers’ Struggle†. 2004. http://www.pbs.org/itvs/fightfields/cesarchavez.html.

Social Affects on Neurobehavior Essay -- Biology Essays Research Paper

Social Affects on Neurobehavior "The brain does not exist in isolation but rather is a fundamental, interacting component of a developing, aging individual who is a single actor in the larger theater of life. This theater is undeniably social. . ." (1) For the past few weeks our class discussions have largely hinged on brain and neuron function and how this relates to behavior. Some students in the class have expressed a difficulty with the concept that brain equals behavior because they feel like this limits their individuality and choice if they are only a combination of inputs and outputs. As a student of the social sciences I question this thinking because behavior is not just limited by brain function but also by social constraints. People's actions are limited by values, norms and mores found in their respective environment. In my web research, and with help from Dr. Grobstein, I found a few sites dedicated to what is called 'Social Neuroscience' and some studies that have been done to show that in animals and humans social influences can have a direct effect on biological function from the release of certain chemicals to actual changes in receptors. The first site is run by Ohio State and tells the history of social neuroscience and looks at social factors and the immune system. The second is run by a professor in the United Kingdom looking at diet and criminality and the last is from Georgia State and looks at social status and defense mechanisms in crayfish. William James an American psychologist of the 19th century was one of the first people to state that there is a connection between neurophysiological processes and psychological phenomena (1). In 1992 John Cacioppo and Gary Bernstein determined that t... ... responsiveness even when the crayfish becomes the subordinate. So a change in the social status of the crayfish causes changes in the receptors for seratonin in the nervous system of the crayfish. This is a striking example of the social environment causing direct changes in the nervous system. As more and more research in this area develops, I am sure we will see an even stronger connection between social environment and the development and functioning of the nervous system and maybe gain more insight into why people behave the way they do. WWW Sources 1)Ohio State Social Neuroscience Laboratory http://www.acs.ohio-state.edu/units/psych/s-psych/socnelab.htm 2)Crime and Nourishment http://mhnet.org/perspectives/articles/art03964.htm 3)Research: The Neural Bases of Behavior, (very interesting picture of the LG neuron) http://www2.gsu.edu/~biodhe/

Interpersonal Communication Through URT Essay

Everyday we encounter people unknown to us. There are times when we are totally no interested in meeting and introducing ourselves to them. In certain situations we are forced or are voluntarily placing ourselves within there area of consciousness, like in a class or in our office, we disclose information about ourselves in order for a complacent relationship to transpire. This new connection will either grow or dissipate based on the disclosed information. Researchers say that interpersonal communication occurs only between two people who have known each other for quite some time (Borchers). This can be attributed to the contextual factors, such as psychological, relational and cultural, present in interpersonal discourses. The attainment of these factors signify that the two people conversing already know well of each other (King, 2000). At first, when we are asked by our late seatmate at first day of school who our professor is, or when we ask our office secretary who to call to fix a down network system, the interaction that occurs implies only an impersonal exchange between two people who ask for information because of external needs and is most likely to end that same moment. When you answer the above questions with â€Å"he’s the head of the department, we live in the same neighborhood† or â€Å"i know a little on systems troubleshooting but it isn’t my job, i’ll call one immediately,† the interaction introduces information related to the speaker and are affective to the receiver. This exchange becomes personal and may give way to a more gratifying relationship through following disclosures. These disclosures in turn reduces uncertainty, a considerably large blockage to a desirable relationship. Berger and Calabrese’ uncertainty reduction theory in 1975 presents steps on how we can achieve a fully ineractive personal relationship with other people. This theory explains why people tend to be information seekers and reduce the unpleasant effects of uncertainty in an introductory conversation and in the whole attainment of a relationship (Oregon State University). The theory discusses three stages of disclosure in interpersonal development. These stages are entry, personal, and exit (University of Twente). The interaction given above can be considered within the entry stage. By giving information on where you live or what your skills are(demographic), the receiver obtains also some point of conformity or agreement that sparks an interest for a relationship. Eventually we reveal our values, attitudes, and beliefs and we are taken now taken to the personal stage of disclosure. These somewhat â€Å"deeper† information suggest the existence of a relationship between two people. The exit stage relates to discourses on the shared values, beliefs, and attitudes which lead to actions or decisions where both interests are unified. Since interpersonal communication is based on two interrelated people’s discourses, this not specified only on verbal exchange, uncertainty reduction theory is an effective tool in determining interpersonal relationships and communications. By focusing on the information exchanged by two individuals we can predict the stage of their relationship – whether on entry, personal, or exit stage. Certainly, the information shared will not be as substantial in terms of personal relevance necessary for the attainment of interpersonal communication. Given the difficulty of initiating contact and conversation aimed at establishing a relationship, we are most likely to shy away and be frightened. If this happens, proceeding conversations are terminated. One basic method in squeezing out information from another person is to reveal your own personal information. Self-disclosure gives way to information not normally revealed through ordinary conversations. It requires an initiative to know and be known. Also, it is a way to know how the other people react and determine the topics under their interests. Furthermore, the voluntarily disclosure of personal information gives an impression of the willingness of a person in entering a relationship. In uncertainty reduction theory, self disclousre acts as the most effective way in removing the barriers of mistrust and non-complacency. By analyzing the information you reveal, one notices your values, beliefs, and emotional and moral tendecies accompanying your disclosures. These are considered to be a pattern for compatibility looked after by uncertain people. The situation above is common to almost everyone, given that the educated still dominate in number those who haven’t been to school or had work. I have experienced introducing myself to someone I am interested to. Most of the time I am replied with suspicion and mistrust which make me feel in need of proving myself. By self-disclosure I get their attention and know further what interests them and on fortunate times they react with personal disclosures too. Eventually the barrier of uncertainty dissipates and we are now getting ready for a more personal relationship. By reducing uncertainty we increase trust, thus more information is exchanged. Uncertainty reduction theory explains the systematic yet unsure disclosures toward interpersonal communication. Through complete understanding of the three concepts, uncertainty reduction, disclosure, and interpersonal communication, we can attain desirable relationships that can outlast time itself. References: Uncertainty Reduction Theory. 2006. Oregon State University. Retrieved 2 April 2008. http://oregonstate. edu/instruct/theory/ur.html King, Donnell. (2000). Four Principles of Interpersonal Communication. Pellissippi State Technical Community College. Retrieved 2 April 2008. http://www. pstcc. edu/ facstaff/dking/interpr. htm Borchers, Tim. (1999) Interpersonal Communication. Allyn & Bacon. Retrieved 2 April 2008. http://www. abacon. com/commstudies/interpersonal/interpersonal. html Uncertainty Reduction Theory. 2004. University of Twente. Retrieved 2 April 2008. http://www. tcw. utwente. nl/theorieenoverzicht/Theory%20clusters/Interpersonal

Thinking Nonthinking Essay example

Thinking Nonthinking Essay example Thinking Nonthinking Essay example Nell Bornhorst Philosophy 103 March 2, 2015 Thinking and Non-Thinking In this paper, I will be analyzing and interpreting Arendt Hannah’s lecture, â€Å"Thinking and Moral Considerations†, focusing on her take on evilness and the dangers of non-thinking, and the document â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail† written by Martin Luther King Jr., focusing on the necessity of tension within the mind. Arendt’s argues that evilness is a person’s inability to contemplate what is unjust, and King offers a solution. Both Ardent and King relate their arguments to the words of Socrates. Socrates believed in the necessity of a dialogue and a relationship with ones thoughts, and believed tension in the mind allowed a person to evaluate and question to find meaning and truth. Socrates’ concepts will help to support my explanation of the two texts and their idea that evilness is only a product of thoughtlessness, with thinking comes natural morality, and â€Å"creative tension† promotes â€Å"a kind of action† leadi ng to â€Å"positive peace†. In our society what is right and what is wrong is presumably decided for us. Laws and restrictions are taught to be the truth, and with these set standards the need to think for oneself is diminished. The threat of non-thinking becomes dangerous. By following the law instead of following our own virtues, we become tied to a blind obedience. Arendt describes this idea as a clichà © or â€Å"standard codes of expression and conduct†. In her study she contemplates the idea that evilness is caused by the absence of thought and use of clichà ©s. Arendt along with Socrates believes examination is good for the mind, and â€Å"By shielding people against the dangers of examination, it teaches them to hold fast to whatever the prescribed rules of conduct may be at a given time in a given society†(Arendt 436). Socrates, a man who she believes to be a model or professional thinker said, â€Å"an unexamined life is not one worth living†. This is because you have no love or desire to discover or find â€Å"what is not†. Without this love you cannot have a relationship with ones thoughts. This being said, Arendt concludes that â€Å"only people filled with this eros a kind of love), this desiring love of wisdom, beauty, and justice, are capable of thought† (Arendt). When considering evil, such as in Otto Adolf Eichmann, one of the main organizers of the Nazi regime, Arendt does not believe it is inherent. In an article on the capture and trial of Eichmann, for The New Yorker, Arendt describes Eichmann’s character and contemplates the truth of his corruption or evilness. Eichmann was accused of crimes against the Jewish people, crimes against humanity, and war crimes, and eventually sentenced to death. Arendt stated, "The deeds were monstrous, but the doer ... was quite ordinary, commonplace, and neither demonic nor monstrous"(Arendt). She believed it was not his character that of the man that was evil, but the â€Å"thoughtlessness† of Eichmann that led him to commit evil acts or his â€Å"authentic inability to think". This example of non-thinking shows the dangers of it. If the conversation we have with ourselves when making decisions is gone, any form of morality goes with it. Especially in the hands of someone like Eichmann, non-thinking is extremely dangerous. If thought is never incited, evilness and corruption can go on unnoticed. However, we were born with a sense of right or wrong. This being said, thinking is natural, and naturally in the opinion of Arendt and Socrates, all humans are good by nature. The idea of non-thinking is in reality unnatural. In the last paragraph, I interpreted Arendt to be saying, in summary, that thinking makes us who we are. If we are who we are only when we think and we are good by nature, then it only makes sense that when we do wrong, we are not who we are and we are non-thinking. By acquiring our human virtues, we can avoid allowing wrong doings and clichà ©s to strip us of our identity. Clichà ©s can be detrimental if they become

Que es WIC y como solicitar esta ayuda para nutrición

Que es WIC y como solicitar esta ayuda para nutricià ³n WIC es un programa de ayuda para que embarazadas, lactantes, mams recientes, infantes y nià ±os menores de 5 aà ±os  puedan adquirir alimentos y asà ­ asegurar una buena nutricià ³n. En este artà ­culo se explica quià ©nes pueden beneficiarse, cà ³mo solicitar esta ayuda y sus posibles efectos migratorios. Quà © personas pueden calificar para esta ayuda Mujeres embarazadasMujeres que alimentan con leche materna  durante el primer aà ±o del bebà ©Mujeres que recià ©n tuvieron a su hijo durante los seis meses  siguientes al parto o finalizà ³ el embarazo y que no alimentan con leche maternaInfantes menores de un aà ±oNià ±os/as menores de cinco aà ±os Quà © requisitos de ingresos se piden Este beneficio es para las personas mencionadas que tienen pocos ingresos. Pero,  ¿cun pocos? La respuesta es que depende del estado en el que se vive. La ley federal  Ã‚  dice que pueden beneficiarse las personas que vivan en un hogar familia con ingresos inferiores al 185 por ciento de lo que cada aà ±o se establece  como là ­nea de la pobreza. Sin embargo, algunos estados permiten recibir estos beneficios aunque se tengan ingresos superiores, como por ejemplo el 100 por 100 de la là ­nea de la pobreza, por lo que hay que comprobar la norma que aplica. Adems, si se recibe ayuda por otros beneficios como por ejemplo Medicaid, TANF o SNAP se puede calificar automticamente para WIC. Quà © requisito de estatus migratorio es necesario para calificar para WIC No es necesario tener estatus migratorio legal (es decir, pueden aplicar los indocumentados). Tampoco es necesario ser residente permanente ni ciudadano. Otros requisitos para calificar para WIC Todos los aplicantes de WIC deben pasar consulta y someterse a un anlisis de sangre con un nutricionista, mà ©dico o enfermera, que es quien tienen que declarar que dichas personas estn en situacià ³n de riesgo nutricional. Por ejemplo, porque pesa menos de lo considerado normal, tiene anemia, sigue una dieta pobre y no saludable o, en el caso de mujeres embarazadas, tienen un historial de embarazos problemticos. Adems, durante el proceso de certificacià ³n se verificar si los nià ±os e infantes han recibido las vacunas mà ­nimas. En el caso de que su calendario de vacunacià ³n no està © completo se le referir a un centro sanitario para recibirlas. Recibir el WIC,  ¿puede perjudicar para otro tipo de beneficios migratorios? Este punto es importante porque las autoridades de Inmigracià ³n o los consulados pueden negar a una persona:  si se considera que dicha persona puede convertirse en una carga pà ºblica (public charge, en inglà ©s). Por lo tanto, en estos casos se podrà ­a poner en riesgo situaciones como: la aprobacià ³n de una visala autorizacià ³n para reingresar a los Estados Unidosla aprobacià ³n de la tarjeta de residencia (green card)adquisicià ³n de la ciudadanà ­a mediante el trmite de naturalizacià ³n. Pero es muy importante tener claro que WIC no afecta a la declaracià ³n de carga pà ºblica. Es decir, se puede solicitar y aceptar este beneficio, siempre y cuando se cumplan los requisitos, sin temor a que afecte en el futuro en asuntos migratorios.   Esto es asà ­ tambià ©n en otro tipo de beneficios pà ºblicos en los que no hay entrega de dinero, como por ejemplo cupones de alimentos (food stamps) o vivienda pà ºblica. Quà © se puede recibir si este beneficio es aprobado En la mayorà ­a de los estados los beneficiarios reciben cheques, vouchers o una tarjeta (EBT) para la compra de determinado tipo de alimentos como por ejemplo leche, huevos, jugos, peanut butter, cereales, frà ­joles, vegetales, fruta, pan integral y comidas para bebà ©s. Si bien esta forma de acceso a WIC es la ms comà ºn, en algunos estados todavà ­a se distribuyen cajas de alimentos entre los beneficiados. En algunos casos hay que ir a buscarlas a un almacà ©n, en otros se envà ­an a las casas de los beneficiarios. Adems, se intenta potenciar la lactancia materna, mediante ayuda para enseà ±ar los mejores mà ©todos para practicarla y tambià ©n alargando el tiempo que se puede recibir este beneficio para las madres que alimentan a sus bebà ©s con su propia leche. Sin embargo, cuando à ©sta no es una opcià ³n se puede comprar fà ³rmula para lactantes, que tiene que ser la marca que establece cada estado.   Cà ³mo se solicita el WIC Se aplica en el estado en el que se reside y en la oficina que corresponde al lugar de residencia. Aquà ­ est la lista de telà ©fonos gratuitos a los que marcar en cada estado para solicitar una cita. Adems, aquà ­ est la lista de la oficina central en cada estado, con correo electrà ³nico para comunicarse y enlace a la pgina oficial estatal, con los sus requisitos (incluye Puerto Rico y otros territorios, el Distrito de Columbia y las tribus de las naciones indà ­genas). A tener muy en cuenta En ocasiones, a pesar de calificar no se puede recibir el WIC. Esto es asà ­ cuando en una agencia local que gestiona este programa se ha llegado al là ­mite permitido. En estos casos se establece un sistema de prioridades sobre quià ©n debe recibir la ayuda y quià ©n no. A consecuencia de ello, algunas personas podrà ­an quedar excluidas. Segà ºn los à ºltimos datos, el aà ±o pasado se beneficiaron de este programa 7,696,439 personas. El coste del programa en el à ºltimo aà ±o fiscal, pendiente de datos finales, fue de $1,946,286,967 incluidos gastos de alimentacià ³n y administrativos. De interà ©s para padres y madres En Estados Unidos est estadà ­sticamente demostrado que la calidad de la educacià ³n que recibe un nià ±o es muy importante para su futuro. Por esta razà ³n se recomienda informarse sobre los aspectos bsicos de cà ³mo funciona el sistema educativo y cules son las opciones. Este es un artà ­culo informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal.

Free Essays on Quinn

After completing the assessment and viewing Robert Quinn’s â€Å"Completing Values Framework†, it shocked me to find out where I was placed on the circular scale. Up to this point I have always looked at myself working very well with others, while also enjoying being in charge. I saw myself as a good manager yet only in certain aspects, especially interpersonal relationships. This assessment proved that I was right about that, but it also gave me a different view. I had a peak in the â€Å"Human Relations† section, but I also had a larger peak in the â€Å"Rational Goal† section. This almost shocks me, and it also put a bit of a twist on my own view of a perfect job in the future. My ideal job is one in which I am given a particular part of a job working along with one or more people. I have always enjoyed group work, especially if the task is much more challenging than expected. Like I said before, I have always had a good interpersonal relationship with people, especially once talking to them one on one. Having somewhat poor public speaking ability, being able to make acquaintances one-on-one has helped out in friendships a lot. Having taken this test and finding out that I am more of a planning type, surprised me, yet at the same time it’s correct even though I have never viewed myself that way. Internally I wish to be a goal-setter, yet I haven’t had opportunities to express it yet in the workplace. Once given the chance I am sure I will desire to take the lead and run the show with some organization. I find that once I have set myself a goal, I work much harder than normal, and I find it amazing and very self-relieving once I have met my desire. I would love to also involve friends and co-workers in my goals, and as I said before, I would enjoy a job with as much teamwork as possible. I don’t think one person should take in all of the pain or all the glory for the actions done by a group. Along with worki... Free Essays on Quinn Free Essays on Quinn After completing the assessment and viewing Robert Quinn’s â€Å"Completing Values Framework†, it shocked me to find out where I was placed on the circular scale. Up to this point I have always looked at myself working very well with others, while also enjoying being in charge. I saw myself as a good manager yet only in certain aspects, especially interpersonal relationships. This assessment proved that I was right about that, but it also gave me a different view. I had a peak in the â€Å"Human Relations† section, but I also had a larger peak in the â€Å"Rational Goal† section. This almost shocks me, and it also put a bit of a twist on my own view of a perfect job in the future. My ideal job is one in which I am given a particular part of a job working along with one or more people. I have always enjoyed group work, especially if the task is much more challenging than expected. Like I said before, I have always had a good interpersonal relationship with people, especially once talking to them one on one. Having somewhat poor public speaking ability, being able to make acquaintances one-on-one has helped out in friendships a lot. Having taken this test and finding out that I am more of a planning type, surprised me, yet at the same time it’s correct even though I have never viewed myself that way. Internally I wish to be a goal-setter, yet I haven’t had opportunities to express it yet in the workplace. Once given the chance I am sure I will desire to take the lead and run the show with some organization. I find that once I have set myself a goal, I work much harder than normal, and I find it amazing and very self-relieving once I have met my desire. I would love to also involve friends and co-workers in my goals, and as I said before, I would enjoy a job with as much teamwork as possible. I don’t think one person should take in all of the pain or all the glory for the actions done by a group. Along with worki...

Tranitioning to registered nurse Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Tranitioning to registered nurse - Essay Example Brown. In order to establish a therapeutic relationship, communication skills are significantly important. Communication has two major purposes: obtain information and to influence others, which are essential in establishing a relationship (Scott et al, 2009). It is possible for me to develop this interaction in the form of therapeutic communication. Therapeutic communication is a basic intervention for nurses for use in therapeutic relationships. It encourages idea and feelings expression, whereas conveying the acceptance and respect of the nurse (Thomas et al, 2009). In this case, one technique of communication that can help is active listening, which is one of the most important techniques of communication. It will allow me to understand the communicated message better, which will be a good way to develop trust with Mrs. Brown. The strategy of active listening will help me to start understanding Mrs. Brown better, as well as attend to her effectively. In a case that the patient fe els that the nurse needs to attend to them, the patient would have more trust for the nurse, which would allow her to open up about problems or anxiety that they could be facing (Thomas et al, 2009). ... To begin with, empathy is a skill required by nurses in establishing therapeutic relationships. It is all about attending, understanding, listening, and observing, as well as being with the patient emotionally, cognitively, and physically (Skott, 2010). Empathy will allow Jesse to understand the situation Mrs. Brown is in, as well as objectively realize her past and current experiences. Therapeutic relationships, along with empathy, will let the GRN communicate with the patient without judging her (Skott, 2010). Building a strong relationship based on trust could encourage the patient to become more confident and talk on issues openly with the GRN. Via the implementation of therapeutic strategies, Jesse can aid Mrs. Brown to attain skills for achievement of her goals and implement an effective discharge plan. In taking care of Mrs. Brown, Jesse should put her focus on promoting independence and self-care. Towards Mrs. Brown’s termination of hospital stay, the nurse will have t o focus the manner in which she will live after hospitalization. Jesse will be the best planer for the discharge, as the therapeutic relationship development will put her in a situation to evaluate and assess Mrs. Brown. Discharge planning will involve patient assessment and provision of information that could prevent any future health setback (Lubinski, 2009). There are four phases of therapeutic relationships pre-interaction, introductory, working, and termination phases. The final phase is termination and the nurse should ensure that the patient, prior to discharge, has the capability to care for himself or herself. Therapeutic relationship’s importance can also be seen in this phase where the

Promotional media ecologies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Promotional media ecologies - Essay Example Having its root in the agricultural economics, marketing management was developed to cope with mass production that triggered mass consumption in the 20th century. Additionally, the establishment of market research was a major step that was undertaken by early marketers in order to fully understand the needs of their customers. In this way, organization would produce quality brands based on the requirement of their consumers. Another key strategy that local and international companies have adopted is the storage of consumer’s information in order to contact them in future. This paper critically discusses the implications of digital panopticism and profiling for consumers. As stipulated by Foucault (2004), profiling for consumers is imperative for organizations that are focused at in identifying and responding to the changing consumer needs. In the same way, Tredinnick (2008) indicates that the growth of modern technology is vital in undertaking consumer surveillance. In this r egard, one of the major implications of digital panopticism is effective market research that is vital in identifying what the consumers want. During the 2oth century, companies market segments were significantly big a situation that affected effective management of markets thus making it difficult to provide personalized products and services. However, due to the digitization and development of new information technologies, smaller consumer clusters and smaller market segments have emerged. Likewise, the establishment of consumer database is a key transition that has led to effective management of customer segments. As argued by Jason and Detlev (2010) the development of a system of consumer segment that was referred to as A Classification of Residential Neighbourhoods ACORN that was focused at proper storage of consumer information was essential. One of the notable icons who significantly contributed in market segmentation through information technology is Jonathan Robbin. Based o n his contributions and development of software in the marketing field, social clusters emerged. Another implication of digital Panopticism was improved market intelligence. Through storing of information that related to various market segments, marketers are now able to clearly understand socio-economic factors, consumer’s preferences and tastes that are fundamental in the production and delivery of products. Through collection of adequate market information that relates to the needs of consumers, firms are in a position to emulate effective marketing mix that matches the needs of their customers. Emergence of socio-demographic surveillance and real development in consumer surveillance is another major result of the digitalization. This was based on the extensive marketing studies that include algorithmic analysis and data mining (Jason and Detlev, 2010). As a result of the extensive use of information technologies, companies can now identify behavioural relationship and con sumption patterns that could not be recognized before the use of modern technologies. For example, through the use of internet, consumers can now give feedback that is used by companies such as Coca-Cola to produce brands that are needed by their consumers. Based on the use of current technologies by market researchers and economic analysts it is now possible to make meaningful and accurate predictions of future consumption patte

Fieldwork Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Fieldwork - Essay Example Users of interactive media are engaged to the media that they are using. This paper shall investigate the effect of interactive media on the people. The study used random sampling method to select ten respondents for the purposes of understanding the influence of interactive media on cognitive development and learning process. A questionnaire the data collection sought answers to the following questions: The open-ended questionnaire provides room for the respondents to widen the scope of their answers and provide insights into the question. Due to time constraints in interviewing the respondents separately, the questionnaire provided timely data from all the respondents. The response rate was 100%. Most of the respondents (9 out of 10) attested to the use of the internet and digital television as their main interactive media forums. These are the most understood and commonly shared by all the respondents4. Four respondents affirmed that interactive media has positive effects on their social ties. They said that interactive media has enabled fast communication and connection with other people, thus building their social ties5. Interactive media also helps them to keep in touch with their friends. The remaining six respondents attributed their social problems to interactive media. The engaging nature of these media denied them the time to go out and socialise. The impersonality nature of interactive media extends to their social relationships6. Majority of the respondents (80%) agreed that interactive media improves and facilitates the learning process. They said that interactive media provides platforms for them to get more knowledge and provides simplified versions and illustrations for understanding. The other two respondents were unsure of the influence interactive media had on their learning process. Eight respondents were

Organization Theory and Design by Daft, RL Essay

Organization Theory and Design by Daft, RL - Essay Example Rites of Renewal: The 'culture fit' after a long time in practice wanes its characteristics. To rejuvenate the organization with more or less the same culture-specific new rites are implemented from time to time. They are essentially system-supportive; and enthuse in the employees' mind a hope that their expectation is being realized, so that they reinforce their motivation in the organization as before. Rites of Passage: They help in new recruitments in the organization. The pre-training in the military and the police, extensive and intensive testing, screening, counseling, group discussion, interviews and assessment exercises are examples of these rites. Rites of Integration: These rites foster social co-relation by reviving common feelings and realsing individuals' commitment to the bound to the organization. They attempt at bringing people of different hierarchy through recreational activities like giving parties, picnic and joining en mass the common eating, drinking, dancing and other exchange performances. 1(b). Mission Culture: The 'mission culture' is as defined by D Denison in 'Corporate Culture and organizational Effectiveness' (1990) is a hypothesis that concentrates on certain values, goals and cultures (or subcultures) to achieve within a timescale. For this it lays a set of shared definition of the function and purpose for an organization. It is concerned with both internal factors and external environment to make the shared values positively effective. It has primarily two focused motivations. One, it instills in the mind of the employees non-economic reasons along with the economic targets, for employing their efforts for the well-being of the organizational set-up: there lies their own wellbeing. It sets a defined direction and cherished end-goals to follow for the organization. The Adaptability Culture: Adaptability culture is however more plastic in nature. It involves risk taking efforts, trusting each other. It follows a proactive approach to organizational life and is quick to recognize a possible hurdle and find its solution. It instills a positive confidence in the ability of the persons of all ranks and thus enthuse in them to achieve the 'mission culture'. Good examples of the 'mission cultures' which have made themselves a name to reckon with in the world are the McDonalds, Honda, Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC). McDonalds has a mission culture, while its varying menus for different cultures is the example of its adaptability culture. Therefore we may say that adaptability culture is more effective in achieving the target than the mission culture which is its mere identity with all unique technologies. 1(c). Culture strength: The strength that derives an organization is enshrined in a set of rules to be followed by strictly. Deviation is not tolerated. It rather makes people to instill assurance and certainty about the organization and is closely associated with durability of it. Only then the employees have faith in the organization and hence can be motivated to accomplishment. (Hmapden-Turner; 1990:13). Subcultures: They are just opposite of the culture strength in characteristics. Every dominant culture is characterized by some small homogeneous sets of beliefs, values and assumptions within it. The dominant culture

Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Leadership - Essay Example This system is clearly working since Employee 1 is doing more than the minimum with the aim of accessing the end-year bonus. The second source of power in an organization is expert power, where an individual possesses significant knowledge or skills in a certain domain in the organizations operations. In most cases, the individual performs a duty or responsibility that others cannot undertake to the same level, and hence is an important asset to the organization. Since the organization does not wish to lose such an individual, it seeks to make them comfortable and thus submits to their requests. Employee 2 draws his power from being the only expert accountant in Corporate A. Since he is the only individual who can prepare the company’s financial statement he has negotiated for a 4 day work-week that is inaccessible for the rest of the employees in the accounting department. His being the only Certified Public Accountant is a source of power within the organization. The other b asis of power in organizations stems from personal characteristics. Having individual special qualities such as charisma and people skills results in admiration from the rest of the workforce and management and thus places one in positions from which they can gain audience within the organization. Charismatic qualities make certain employees convincing enough to side with, besides making their ideas attractive. This is certainly the case for Employee 3 who despite having not been in Corporate A longer than the other employees is already influential in the company. The rest of the employees are attracted to his positive and charismatic personality, and this is a source of power to him as we can see his project idea being spiritedly adopted by the department. Coercive sources of power are felt in the case where leaders create the perception of threats to the employees. This can either be through making others believe that the individual may implement punitive measures, reprimand them or withdraw certain advantages. Individuals can also coerce the management to listen to their wishes for example through threatening to withdraw service through labor unions. The marketing manager clearly coerces his staff members to work beyond the minimum through threatening to withdraw end year bonuses which for individuals like Employee 1 are absolutely crucial if they are to afford certain desired things. The last source of power is legitimate/positional power which is wielded by leaders within organizations by virtue of being appointed to head other employees. The extent of positional power is dependent on the position one holds, for instance middle level managers, senior managers among others. Corporate A scenario presents three examples of positional power in the marketing manager, the accounting department manager and the sales manager who lead employees in their respective department. Relationship between Dependency and Power According to Murphy and Willmott (2009) there i s a relationship between power and dependency because the power resides implicitly in another person’s dependency. Examples of this can be clearly seen in Corporate A, where the marketing manager wields power on employees who are dependent on him due to his discretion in distributing rewards. Due to the various sources of power within

Organization Theory and Design by Daft, RL Essay

Organization Theory and Design by Daft, RL - Essay Example Rites of Renewal: The 'culture fit' after a long time in practice wanes its characteristics. To rejuvenate the organization with more or less the same culture-specific new rites are implemented from time to time. They are essentially system-supportive; and enthuse in the employees' mind a hope that their expectation is being realized, so that they reinforce their motivation in the organization as before. Rites of Passage: They help in new recruitments in the organization. The pre-training in the military and the police, extensive and intensive testing, screening, counseling, group discussion, interviews and assessment exercises are examples of these rites. Rites of Integration: These rites foster social co-relation by reviving common feelings and realsing individuals' commitment to the bound to the organization. They attempt at bringing people of different hierarchy through recreational activities like giving parties, picnic and joining en mass the common eating, drinking, dancing and other exchange performances. 1(b). Mission Culture: The 'mission culture' is as defined by D Denison in 'Corporate Culture and organizational Effectiveness' (1990) is a hypothesis that concentrates on certain values, goals and cultures (or subcultures) to achieve within a timescale. For this it lays a set of shared definition of the function and purpose for an organization. It is concerned with both internal factors and external environment to make the shared values positively effective. It has primarily two focused motivations. One, it instills in the mind of the employees non-economic reasons along with the economic targets, for employing their efforts for the well-being of the organizational set-up: there lies their own wellbeing. It sets a defined direction and cherished end-goals to follow for the organization. The Adaptability Culture: Adaptability culture is however more plastic in nature. It involves risk taking efforts, trusting each other. It follows a proactive approach to organizational life and is quick to recognize a possible hurdle and find its solution. It instills a positive confidence in the ability of the persons of all ranks and thus enthuse in them to achieve the 'mission culture'. Good examples of the 'mission cultures' which have made themselves a name to reckon with in the world are the McDonalds, Honda, Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC). McDonalds has a mission culture, while its varying menus for different cultures is the example of its adaptability culture. Therefore we may say that adaptability culture is more effective in achieving the target than the mission culture which is its mere identity with all unique technologies. 1(c). Culture strength: The strength that derives an organization is enshrined in a set of rules to be followed by strictly. Deviation is not tolerated. It rather makes people to instill assurance and certainty about the organization and is closely associated with durability of it. Only then the employees have faith in the organization and hence can be motivated to accomplishment. (Hmapden-Turner; 1990:13). Subcultures: They are just opposite of the culture strength in characteristics. Every dominant culture is characterized by some small homogeneous sets of beliefs, values and assumptions within it. The dominant culture

Bones Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Bones - Essay Example I agree with Mary Kern about bones. The development of bones comprises of three processes bone modeling, bone growth, and bone remodeling. The three processes occur at various stages in an individual’s life. There are three kinds of bone cells osteocytes, osteclasts and osteoblasts. The cells comprise the living component of the bone. In addition, the cells play a critical role in bone remodeling (Plowman & Smith, 2014). I agree with Kim Pappas about the difference in anatomic location and purpose bursa, tendons and ligaments. The ligaments are structures of fibrous, dense connective tissue. In addition, they link the aspects of the bony skeleton and other body organs. The purpose of ligaments is to increase the mechanical strength of the joints, prevent strenuous movement and direct motion. The tendons attach muscle to bone and transport tensile loads from muscle to bone, generate joint movement and preserve the body posture. The bursae are flattened sac consisting of a synovial membrane that has a capillary film of synovial fluid. They are situated at the underlying bone and deeper skin layers between bone, tendons and independent muscles. Their function is to create a protective sleeve around the tendon (Watkins & Mathieson, 2009). I agree with Sheila Eidson about ligaments, tendons, and bursae. The ligaments and tendons comprise of fibers of fibrous type I collagen. They are mostly parallel-fibred, dense tissues. The tendons link muscle to bone and give rigid passive channel for the conveyance of force. The ligaments, on the other hand, strengthen the joint capsule and give passive solidity to the joint. The bursae is a synovial structure that surround tendons and joints in particular positions to permit freedom of motion and normal limb movement. A recurrent pressure or trauma on bursae results in inflammation that causes olecranon bursitis (Ma & Elisseeff,

Tobacco Use Among Teenagers Essay Example for Free

Tobacco Use Among Teenagers Essay In the United States, tobacco use or cigarette smoking has been identified as the leading cause of preventable death.   Almost half a million deaths annually have been associated to cigarette smoking.   The prevalence of tobacco use by adolescents has intensified in the 1990s, with the highest rates during 1996 to 1997 and then decreased thereafter (CDC, 1998).   If the pattern of tobacco use early on during adolescence ensues, this will result in around 5 million minors who will mature into adults that will experience smoking-related illness in the future.    Medical expenses related to tobacco use have been estimated to cost approximately $50 to $73 billion annually.   Such estimates have alarmed the healthcare agencies that they have created comprehensive smoking prevention programs to lessen smoking among adolescents.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The topic of tobacco use among teenagers is related to the goals of Healthy People 2010, which is a comprehensive collection of disease prevention and health education programs that was established by the United States Department of Health and Human Services.   Healthy People 2010 was created by researchers and scientists to address the current issues in public health.   The two main objectives of Healthy People 2010 is to improve the quality of life of the residents of the United States, which will result in the prolongation of life expectancy, and to prevent any differences that are observed and reported with regards to different subgroups within the U.S. population.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Massive anti-smoking campaign efforts were earlier initiated in order to deflect young and curious teenagers from using tobacco.   These efforts included outright health warnings regarding the serious effects of smoking that are attached to every pack of cigarettes.   There was also the aggressive campaign to enhance distaste towards smokers, convincing the rest of the society that smoking is not a good habit for members of the society, especially if the stench and stains of cigarette smoking will be physically attached to the smoker after a couple of months. In addition, legislation has required that a young-looking buyer should present his identification card in order to prove that he is at least 18 years old before he is allowed to buy cigarettes from a vendor.   Any vendor who is caught selling cigarettes to a minor has been warned that he could be penalized for providing addictive items to a minor.   Unfortunately, all these efforts in dissuading the youth from tobacco use was unsuccessful, as shown in the increase in smoking cases among teenagers as well as admittance to tobacco use amidst all these smoking prevention efforts.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Recent research surveys have determined that a generic smoking prevention program is not as effective as it was thought to be because each state and each school showed a different type of setting that strongly influences a typical adolescent to succumb to the pressure and lure of cigarette smoking.   Variations in the factors that influence an adolescent to smoke are present at the levels of the country, state, school, and individual (Lotrean et al., 2006).   In addition, the society and environment wherein the adolescent is situated also varies within the United States.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In terms of school-setting influence on tobacco use, research surveys show that smoking is strongly correlated with poor connection with peers at school.   This includes the loss of feeling of being a member of a group in school or the simple sensation of belonging to the school society.   Tobacco use among adolescents is also strongly connected to a lack of discipline in the school, which is actually a responsibility of the teacher.   The lack of discipline is thus a result of an inadequacy in the involvement of the teachers with the adolescent students.   It has also been observed that different schools follow a full ban on cigarette smoking within the school grounds, while other schools implement a partial ban. Unfortunately, there are also schools that do not have smoking bans.   Schools often have school policies that specifically indicate that when a student of the school is caught smoking cigarettes within the school premises, a corresponding school action will be given to the student.   Research indicates that schools that have established strict school policies show a significantly lower rate of tobacco use than schools that do not included any policy on tobacco use within the school’s premises.   Another factor that influences teenage students to smoke originates from the school environment is the exposure of students to teachers who smoke within school premises.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There are also specific gender-related factors that persuade teenagers to use tobacco.   In an independent study, it was observed that female teenagers are more vulnerable to social pressure at school than male teenagers (Barnett et al., 2007).   The same trend in tobacco use is observed when a female adolescent is living in a single-parent home environment, much different from the observations reported from a male teenager who is residing in a single-parent home environment.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Social interactions existing around the teenager also induces them to use tobacco.   In a cross-sectional investigation among middle school students, it was reported that there is a positive correlation between tobacco use and alcohol consumption among teenagers (Fisher et al., 2007).   Interestingly, it was observed that the presence of family activities, especially family dinners, serve as a protection for teenagers from initiating use of alcohol and tobacco.   The only limitation to such observation was that the preventive effect of family dinners is only effective during the pre-contemplative stage of smoking cigarettes or drinking alcohol.    Once the adolescent has started smoking or drinking, the efforts of setting up family dinners as prevention or protection schemes has been determined to be ineffective.   The role of the family, in terms of social interaction and frequency of present to the adolescent, thus strongly influences any decisions that he may make.   The opposite scheme is observed among adolescents who rarely or seldom have family dinners together.   It was estimated that these individuals were 50% more likely to use tobacco and drink alcohol. Thus, social interactions within the family members offer an excellent venue for communication between the adolescent and his parents which in turn provide an impact on the behavior of the teenager.   The single-parent environment of an adolescent also shows a greater risk of using tobacco.   This influence is further complicated when the teenager involved is female.   The occurrence of other members of the family smoking at home also influences a teenager to consider and actually follow suit in smoking (Phillips et al., 2007).   Aside from that, even if the teenager does not decide to smoke, his exposure to secondhand smoke subjects him to the same or even worse condition in terms of the harmful effects of tobacco on human health.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Another factor that influences use of tobacco among teenagers is the improper application of knowledge or information to actual life choices.   In a research survey involving adolescents and their corresponding parents, it was determined that approximately 85% of the youth respondents and their parents admitted that they knew that tobacco use was harmful to their health (Lubman et al., 2007). The figures of this report were quite encouraging, because both the young and adult respondents showed that they were aware of the associated health implications of smoking cigarettes.   However, it was also discouraging to read that the report described a striking opposite result with the rates of tobacco use in the same surveyed population, indicating that this population was not capable of translating the information regarding tobacco use and health into actual behavioral output.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The media also has an influence on the use of tobacco among adolescents.   Research has described that adolescents who view movies that include a teenager character smoking induces the adolescent viewer to follow suit in a dose-response relation (Sargent et al., 2007).   The effect of media on teenage tobacco use is categorically different from the effect of the immediate environment where an adolescent is located.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Given the abovementioned factors that influence tobacco use among teenagers, it is thus ideal to design and implement a smoking prevention program that is based on the actual conditions of a community where susceptible teenagers are situated.   An exemplary effort is spearheaded by the Center for Disease Control (CDC) which has proposed that each state create smoking prevention programs to lessen the frequency of smoking among adolescents.   Research surveys have been conducted to identify factors that influence youth in considering the use of tobacco as part of their young lives.   The Youth Tobacco Surveillance and Evaluation System was established by the CDC to conduct surveys of middle and high school students at the state, national and international levels.   The system is comprised of two parts, the National Youth Tobacco Survey and the state-level Youth Tobacco Surveys.   Both surveys were designed to offer smoking prevention programs nationwide.    Each program is distinct for each state and country, depending on what has been observed in the surveys that were conducted prior to the implementation of the smoking prevention program (Rudatsikira et al., 2007).   The programs provide information regarding the different types of tobacco that are currently being circulated among the youth, including cigarettes, pipe and cigars.   The attitudes of children and youth are also examined in order to determine the influence of different factors around their immediate environment as well as in their homes.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   I have learned that smoking among teenagers is not a simple action that is influenced by peer pressure.   I realized through my research that smoking among teenagers is influenced by social interactions with the family and friends, as well as in the school.   It is also interesting to know that the media imparts a strong effect on teenagers and smoking.   I also agree with the reports that describe that different conditions exist in different communities, hence a simple smoking prevention program that involves aggressive campaign against smoking and tobacco are destined to be ineffective in decreasing or controlling the rise in the number of cases of teenagers using tobacco.   I will take the information I have learned from this report with me and hopefully I may apply the facts that I have learned in the actual setting.    References Barnett TA, Gauvin L, Lambert M, O’Loughlin J, Paradis G and McGrath JJ (2007):   The influence of school smoking policies on student tobacco use.   Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med. 161(9):842-848. CDC (1998):   Tobacco use among high school students: United States, 1997. MMWR 47: 229-33. Fisher LB, Miles IW, Austin SB, Camargo Jr. CA and Colditz GA (2007):   Predictors of initiation of alcohol use among US adolescents.   Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med. 161(10):959-966. Lotrean LM, Ionut C and de Vries H (2006):   Tobacco use among Romanian youth.   Salud Publica Mex. 48 suppl 1:S107-S112. Lubman DI, Hides L and Jorm AF (2007):   Beliefs of young people and their parents about the harmfulness of alcohol, cannabis and tobacco for mental disorders.   MJA   187:266–269. Phillips R, Amos A, Ritchie D, Cunningham-Burley S and Martin C (2007):   Smoking in the home after the smoke-free legislation in Scotland: qualitative study.   BMJ 335:553-557. Rudatsikira E, Abdo A and Muula AS (2007):   Prevalence and determinants of adolescent tobacco smoking in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.   BMC Public Health 7:176-182. Sargent JD, Stoolmiller M, Worth KA, Cin SD, Wills TA, Gibbons FX, Gerrard M and Tanski S (2007):   Exposure to smoking depictions in movies its association with established adolescent smoking.   Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med. 161(9):849-856.

Impact Of General Elections On Indian Stock Market Finance Essay

Impact Of General Elections On Indian Stock Market Finance Essay Indian Stock Market deeply follows two set features of New Delhi circus- the budget and the general elections. This time is no exception. While recession has deeply affected the global economy and those who are given the best deals are also in relative tatters, general elections in India would not have any less profound impact on the Indian economy. Here is hoping that a big number of positives come out instead. Having said that, a rational study of the electoral mandate only seems logical. In fact, Morgan Stanley believes that the outcome of elections would only be second to the global recession in terms of impacting the country.   The institutions deem the poll results to be ahead of fiscal policies and corporate basics in unleashing a change in financial dynamics. According to people in the know, roughly 10000 crore rupees would be spent on the general elections and it would bolster the stock market. Many are on a consensus that if somehow a business and reform-friendly coalition can make its way, then there would be no dearth of stock market bounties. In this regard, nothing can work out better than a single party majority. It has been witnessed many a times that reforms have been impeded by retrograde forces teaming up for a coalition government. Normally pleasant fallout of the general elections would be higher liquidity that in any event is set to boost the stock market. It surely would be an aid in revival of the plastered economy. Theorists agree that victory for congress and BJP would be in favor of the stock market while Left front or a third party coalition would adversely affect the growth of the market. Stock markets are furiously swirled by the momentum gathered through the outcome of general elections. It has been seen in the past. Perhaps it has to do with privatization, infrastructure boost and the lack of it. A reform-averse political group would impede structural reforms and hit the blue chip companies hard. It would be true for other stock units too. It is noticeable that global market and FDI pool is bound to swell at the smell of a favorable mandate in Indian elections. In contrariety, it would be a gathering of cynics in the world corporate ring, once India suffers a fractured mandate. In essentiality, any such mandate would represent a higher risk for FDI investors. World is fast moving towards anti-capitalism. Assets are being nationalized at an expeditious rate. There are plenty of religious and political turmoil. Pakistan remains a crux issue. Nuclear questions and defense sentiments are on a high. In such a time, there can be ramifications beyond reprieve. However, the general election has to be an answer to the political dilemma and here is hoping that the victor does not bleed the country further. Stock market is an index, the reflection of our financial strength and people of India are anticipating a surge in its numbers post this election. www.webhush.com à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ º Analysis : effect of election mania on Indian stock market Indian Stock Market has seen lot of positive and negative trends in the Election month. Lot of volatility was seen in the market for past 5 weeks. This process may continue until the election results are clearly visible. Many traders have lost their money in this volatile market, but investors were big gainers, Here, EquityPandit.com brings its analysis for the direction of stock market in the upcoming days. Read the full post for better understanding and book profits by predicting the direction of the Indian stock market in the Election time: Election Year 1998-1999 Date Event Market Movement Feb-16 to Feb-28 First to Fourth poll Voting Up by 12% March-6 NDA Won the Election Up by 3% Overall movement in Feb Election Month. Market was up by 12% Oct-Nov 1999 NDA lost majority Voting for new government begin. Market was down by 13% Nov-Dec 1999 NDA won again with full majority Market was up by 23% Election Year 2004 Date Event Market Movement Apr-20 to May-10 First to Fourth poll Voting Down by 6.7% May-13 Left Front Led UPA won the Election Down by 6% May-14 Left Front comments on Stock Market regulation Black day for Market Down by 12% in a single day Overall movement in May Election Month. Market was down by 13% Jun-Jul 2004 UPA Govt. Start Economic reform Market was up by 9% Election Year 2009 Date Event Market Movement April 16 to April 13 First to Fourth poll voting Up by 11% From the above statistics it is clear that it was tough to predict the market movement, during the Election month and it may continue after the results are been declared, if no one won with clear majority. Also we can conclude following points from the above table: 1.  Ã‚   The one thing the equity market hates the most, is uncertainty. The next week thus is likely to see maximum volatility with traders and speculators riding the momentum the build up first, some profit booking and maybe a sell-off before the big event. So Last Friday-sell-off may be the starting of the sell off. 2.  Ã‚   Market never accepts the government with left front or third front government. So one thing is very clear, be prepared for big sell off, it that happened. 3.  Ã‚   Market will be very comfortable if Congress or BJP will come with full majority. We may see this rally going towards 13500-14000, or we may say 20% kind of rally. Conclusion: 1.  Ã‚   Investor must stay away till the election results dont get declared. Remember cash is the king and if you use it at right time, it will give massive returns in a short span. 2.  Ã‚   Traders mostly loose their money in this type of market as fluctuation is always a killer for traders. So quality and timing of calls makes the difference. Just remember, as an investor you can earn as much as 100-150% in a span of two month but not as a trader because this rally surprises everybody. One week back EquityPandit.com had a discussion with few brokerage houses and they all were shock by this up move. Most of them generated losses, as they went short at a level of 11000-11500. Trading is always effective in a pure bull or bear market, but not an intermediate market like this. 3.  Ã‚   If you will see the investment figures of DII (Domestic Investors), it is very clear they booked the profit slowly and steadily without any panic. Also history suggest that big players stay away during such event and come up with big bull or bear depending upon the poll results. www.equitypandit.com/2009//analysis-effect-of-election-mania-on-indian-stock-market/ Election time stock returns It appears that the stock market show a strong correlation with the national events like the elections. If we go by the past data for stock market price movements from 1980 onwards, there seems to be on an average, 4% gain in 3 months before the elections of Lok Sabha in India. This average value s at 4% because it was in 2004 when there was a very small return of 0.7% in 2004 and a -2.1% in 1989 elections. On all the other occasions, the 3 months return from the stock markets before the elections has been much higher, as much as 13.5%. Though the gains in 2004 and 1980 were less than 1% returns in the three-month period before the polls, they were still positive. The only time it went into negative territory was in 1989 due to the Bofors controversy. What is the reason for good positive returns from the stock market during the election times? As per EconomicTimes, From the investors point of view, sectors such as media, FMCG and auto look favourities in the run-up to the elections as polls are known to boost consumption. Readership of newspapers goes up during elections and so does news channels viewership. Also, though it is not legally allowed, Sales profits of alcoholic beverages shoot up during elections; and with increase in money supply, more pronounced in rural areas, personal care products are also likely to benefit. Auto sales usually go up (marginal increase) as SUVs are used for election campaigns, personal transportation and security of politicians. Even this year, since March 16 exactly one month to the elections the index has already risen by 2.5%. But will the market sustain the momentum postelection? Analysis since 1980 shows that a month after the polls, the bellwether index posts an average rise of 3.5%. On six out of the eight times since 1980, investors have made gains. So is it the time to take the bet? Well, it all works randomly, so take your own shots and hope for the best! INDIA CARNIVAL: Election is like big carnival in India with entire population from all walks of life gets swayed by it. There are colors and flood of money flowing. Everything comes to stand still. School, colleges and offices close on voting day. In India election process is held in multiple phases. 2009 election will be one month extravaganza coming to an end by 16th may 2009, when one will be able to know about the victor and the vanquished. The outcome of the election will also determine the development trajectory of the India incorporate. ELECTION OUTCOME AND INVESTOR: India, the world`s largest democracy with an electorate of more than 700 million voter, goes to the poll in April -May 2009. We believe 2009 election will throw up the hung parliament with fractured mandate. As long as BJP or a Congress led alliances is in power, investor will likely be reassured of stability in terms of government as well as policies. If a Third Front comes to power, it will create uncertainties in the mind of investor on the development and policies front. Any Third Front government won`t be getting investors vote of confidence. CURRENT SCENARIO: Indian election is taking place in back drop of global economic turmoil. The domestic growth stories of the past years have vanished. Capitalism is under siege and private assets are being nationalized worldwide. India has domestic issues like growing terrorist attacks, law and order situation, religious fundamentalism on rise, problem in neighboring country Pakistan and many more that will be the key issue that will dominate the election. The world will be closely watching the development. The composition, Utterances and deeds of the next administration will be critical to the direction the nation takes and how the outside world views the country. Will the next government carry forward the broad policy direction which began in 1991 and push forward with the unfinished reform agenda? http://www.sharetipsinfo.com/bse-vs-nse_clip_image004_0000.gif ELECTION AND STOCK MARKET: Returns from the past seven to eight elections have no exact set pattern. The returns in the run up to the elections have been lackluster. Market generally in all the occasion has shown range bound trading or sideways movement. Twelve month return post elections have been positive on four occasions and marginally negative on two occasions. Years when government took bold steps or the mandate swayed in favor of one party has raised the hope of investors and hence good returns were seen. 1984, 1989 and 1991, the market rallied in the first year of the government. After 1996 a significant change has been on the political front in India i.e.; beginning of coalition era. The returns in these times were very moderate as the mandate was clear. The other reason could be Asian crisis, nuclear test, Kargil war, Dotcom bust. Election event when market showed significant movement: YEAR EVENTS 1984 Indira Gandhi got assassinated; Rajiv Gandhi came to power with overwhelming majority. Market gave thumbs up. 1989 VP Singh became the PM. A massive drive against corruption in the government was taken in good way by the investor. 1991 Congress came to power after the assassination of Rajiv Gandhi. Market reacted positively. NEGATIVES FOR MARKET 2009: Earning downgrade in next 2-3 quarter. The ongoing government is like a caretaker government with no fresh proposal and budget will be placed by the new government in power. Stability and ability of the government cannot be judged at this point. Fiscal deficit is high at 5% of the GDP. Indo -Pak relationship hits new low. Terrorist attack. Index heavy weight like RPower, Suzlon, JP Associates plunged by more than 75% from the peak. Many of these stock compositions of the index do not have 5 years standing in the market. POSITIVE FOR MARKET 2009: Sensex trading at 9x to the expected 2009 earnings. Falling commodity price will ease input cost of the industries. Government policies to boost the economy. Inflation at record low. Lower crude price. As interest rate in developed economy is record low, India could attract investment. CONCLUSION: As the new government settles down and the reform that was taken up by the previous government is carried forward, we believe market will again resume its bull run in the second half of the 2009. We also believe the era of coalition is here to stay and market will not be affected as long as it is seen that the coalition is stable and there are no expectation of major policy reversal. However if the Third front comes to power, the market is likely to taste another low. Our small endeavor will help you understand market in better way. http://www.sharetipsinfo.com/election-stockmarket.html Upbeat stock market scores high Indian stock market is inching closer to its past glory, riding high on the wave of better-than-expected growth of countrys gross domestic product; scaling new heights in the wake of re-election of Manmohan Singh-led UPA (United Progressive Alliance) government at the centre; and driving strength from its pronounced agenda of economic reform and disinvestments. As President of India, Pratibha Patil unleashed her governments vision and roadmap for the next five years in the lower and upper houses of Indian Parliament on 4th June, 2009, the Sensex rallied past 15,000-level for the first time in the past nine months in a symbol of rising confidence and bolstered sentiments in the market as well as in economy. Clear mandate in favour of UPA plays a pivotal role: The re-induction of the UPA government at the centre has been more fruitful for the market as compared to its first stint in 2004, when owing to the absence of a clear mandate in General Election and subsequent dependence on Left parties to form the Government was seen as an obstacle to economic growth and liberalization. As a result the Government was welcomed by a 564 points fall in the Sensex on May 17, 2004 to close at 4505 from its previous level of 5069. In a sharp contrast, UPA victory, and Congresss emergence as a stronger alliance leader this time was given a clear thumbs up by the market as Sensex and Nifty broke all records to hit the upper circuit breaker, with stock market surging by 17 per cent in a single day. The bulls run continued as the index moved from 12,000 levels to 15,000 levels within a span of just 14 trade sessions. With the Government charting out its plan to pump in massive resources in a plethora of core sectors, including, telecom, roads, ports, health, education and rural development, in addition to initiating firm disinvestment policy, market sentiment continues to remain strong over the last three weeks. Many stocks in the BSE-500 category, belonging to the sectors like realty, infrastructure and finance, have risen beyond 100 per cent in the last 15 trading sessions, as the hope of financial sector reforms and increased government spending in infrastructure prevails over the investors mindset. According to Alex Mathew, Head of Research at Geojit BNP Paribas Financial, The agenda of the new UPA Government to revive the economy by allowing increased investment into infrastructure sector and other stressed sectors pepped up the market,. Disinvestment hope peps up market: After experiencing a subdued interest between 2003 and 2007, the listed PSUs were ushered in with renewed focus after the UPA win in General Election 2009. The BSE PSU index climbed up 39.5 per cent since the announcement of the verdict, surpassing the 24 per cent rise in BSE-500 and 20 per cent jump in Sensex level during the same period of time. As UPA Government is expected to push through sales of centres stake in listed PSUs, the stocks of these government undertakings saw a substantial rise over the last couple of weeks. Stocks of the companies, which have 92-99 per cent government holdings, including MMTC, NMDC and RCF registered strong gains, with returns of 45 per cent to 104 per cent. The market welcomes the proposal of disinvestment because it acts a booster for the economy, generating funds to improve the fiscal deficit. At a time when soaring subsidy bills and government-sponsored stimulus measures have widened the fiscal deficit, with economic slowdown adversely affecting revenue receipt, disinvestment is definitely one viable method to reduce fiscal burden. The fiscal deficit for FY-09 at a staggering Rs 3,30,000 crore, is around 21 per cent of the total market capitalisation of the BSE PSU index. Market is expecting that proceeds from the disinvestment will come back into the Budget to partially fill in the fiscal deficit. In addition, IPOs from unlisted government undertakings could rejuvenate the IPO market, further leading to a strengthened stock market. Eight of the sixteen PSUs/banks which used the IPO market to mobilize resources in the last half a decade, including Power Grid Corporation, REC, PFC, Indian Bank proved strong enough to outshine the BSE Sensex. The recent batch of PSU offers during 2007 and 2008 has been able to deliver reasonable returns for the investors, even amidst the financial meltdown and credit crunch. Even in the bull market, IPOs from the public sector enterprises, unlike their corporate counterparts, were priced modestly, thus leaving money for the investors. In some cases, discounts to prevailing market prices were offered to retail investors. As a combined effect of all these factors, most of the PSU stocks, divested even during the bull run in 2007 or early 2008 delivered positive premium. FIIs propel surge in Indian stocks: As the emergence of a stable government at the centre has boosted market sentiment, the bull momentum created a few weeks ago continued to drive the markets to new height in every week. To a large extent, renewed interest of foreign institutional investors (FIIs) is responsible for the upward movement of Sensex. After drawing out a massive Rs 52,987 crore from the Indian stock markets in 2008, which saw the Bombay Stock Exchange benchmark Sensex plummeting 51 per cent, FIIs turned net buyers during the last week of March. In the run-up of General Election, FIIs continued to put money in Indian stocks in the month of April, and invested over US$1 billion in domestic market, owing to the impressive results delivered by large enterprises-that beefed up confidence of foreign investors. Add to this, the re-election of reformist UPA government at the power, and one can see India back on FII radar with a big bang. Gokul Laroia, managing director of Morgan Stanley Asia said that India funds a large portion of its growth through external resources. Investors are very positive on the country after big issues such as the election verdict exceeded expectations. As per latest estimates, FIIs have invested around US$1 billion in Indian stocks in every week of May, as total inflow of FII fund to the country crossed US$4 billion so far in 2009. Global investors have brought in nearly to US$200 million in India-focused equity funds in the first week of June, while the overall Asia-dedicated funds witnessed the biggest inflows of as much as US$1.54 billion, a report says. According to data compiled by international fund tracking firm, EPFR Global, India equity funds received an inflow of US$199 million in the first week of June, which is the highest amount seen in the last 55 weeks. As per statistics available with the market regulator Securities and Exchange Board of India (Sebi) till May-end, FIIs have bought shares worth Rs 1,96,021 crore in 2009, while they sold equities valued at Rs 1,75,547 crore. The net investment of FIIs in Indian stocks touched US$4.2 billion (around Rs 20,473 crore), with prime portion of inflows coming in the golden month of May. In addition to the India-specific factors which revived FIIs interest in the stock market, experts believe that the increased FII inflow in India is part of the overseas bullish investment strategy of institutional investors in many emerging markets after a lull period of over a year. Future outlook: According to financial services major Morgan Stanley, the Indian stock market is likely to outshine its global peers and the benchmark Sensex could touch the 19,000-level by the end of this year. A global market sell-off remains a key risk to absolute performance in Indian equities though we think Indian equities will likely outperform, the Indian strategy report of Morgan Stanley said. There is 40 per cent probability of a bull run in which case the BSE Sensex could hit the 19,000 mark by the end of 2009, the report confirmed, adding that there is only 10 per cent probability of a bear run in which case the Sensex could dip to 8,600 levels. As says Ridham Desai, Managing Director, Morgan Stanley Equity Research, that when the world is awash with liquidity, India is getting its share of it through FIIs, as sectors like auto, infrastructure, banks are expected to do well during the year. With improvement in consumer confidence index in India by 0.8 per cent in April and rise in employment confidence by 3.1 per cent, first time in last 10 months, India looks for a sustained rally in the markets in coming months. http://news.indiamart.com/news-analysis/upbeat-stock-market21936.html

Pierre Trudeau :: essays research papers

Pierre Trudeau will certainly not be forgotten, even after his death. In my opinion he accomplished a lot for Canada but I disliked his crazy ways of politics, to me the way he does things don’t make much sense. Unlike other politicians Pierre Trudeau, had four central themes: the freedom of the individual; the political equality of all individuals; the superiority of rationality; and democracy as the best form of government. What is interesting about these principles is that at various points in his writing Trudeau's value for each one of them compromises and even contradicts his value for one or more of the others. In this way, irony becomes a part of Trudeau's liberalism. There are many more examples of conflicts between Trudeau's thoughts and his actions. For instance, Trudeau has always been uncomfortable with excessive state intervention in the economy. For this reason he has consistently opposed the imposition of price and income controls. But this did not stop him from deciding, in 1975, that a lack of responsibility on the part of business and labour necessitated the introduction of a controls system. Trudeau has spoken of the need for a shift of emphasis in Canadian society from consumption to conservation. And yet, he allowed energy-conservation measures in Canada to fall far behind those of the United States. More than a few times, Trudeau has insisted that it is our moral obligation as Canadians to share our wealth with poorer nations. Nevertheless, he still reduced foreign-aid spending and even put a protective quota on textile imports from developing countries. Trudeau has written about the importance of consensus in government. But again, this did not prevent him, on more than a few occasions, from entirely disregarding the consensus of his cabinet ministers on a given issue, preferring instead to make the decision on his own. Pierre Trudeau :: essays research papers Pierre Trudeau will certainly not be forgotten, even after his death. In my opinion he accomplished a lot for Canada but I disliked his crazy ways of politics, to me the way he does things don’t make much sense. Unlike other politicians Pierre Trudeau, had four central themes: the freedom of the individual; the political equality of all individuals; the superiority of rationality; and democracy as the best form of government. What is interesting about these principles is that at various points in his writing Trudeau's value for each one of them compromises and even contradicts his value for one or more of the others. In this way, irony becomes a part of Trudeau's liberalism. There are many more examples of conflicts between Trudeau's thoughts and his actions. For instance, Trudeau has always been uncomfortable with excessive state intervention in the economy. For this reason he has consistently opposed the imposition of price and income controls. But this did not stop him from deciding, in 1975, that a lack of responsibility on the part of business and labour necessitated the introduction of a controls system. Trudeau has spoken of the need for a shift of emphasis in Canadian society from consumption to conservation. And yet, he allowed energy-conservation measures in Canada to fall far behind those of the United States. More than a few times, Trudeau has insisted that it is our moral obligation as Canadians to share our wealth with poorer nations. Nevertheless, he still reduced foreign-aid spending and even put a protective quota on textile imports from developing countries. Trudeau has written about the importance of consensus in government. But again, this did not prevent him, on more than a few occasions, from entirely disregarding the consensus of his cabinet ministers on a given issue, preferring instead to make the decision on his own.

The Effectiveness of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy on Treating Depressio

In this assignment I will introduce my research project and examine some of the issues surrounding my topic, take an initial look at the research papers I have chosen for my literature review and consider the wider context that the research took place in. I have chosen to look into the effectiveness of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy(CBT) on treating depression in primary care. I am interested in this particular area of counselling as my impression is that it is currently the favoured form of counselling that is offered when people approach their GP for help. Currently the National Health Service (NHS) in the United Kingdom recommend CBT as the best talking therapy for treating a wide range of conditions (Barret, 2009). As part of the UK government’s Improving Access to Pyschological Therapies (IAPT) scheme there is an emphasis on using CBT to help(Barrett, 2009). As I am interested in pursuing a career in counselling I want to find out more about CBT to see if this is a career path I wish to follow. There seems to be a logic in training in a field of counselling with good employment prospects but I would only want to do this if I also believed in it’s effectiveness. Therefore I would like to see if CBT is the best therapy for the NHS to use to help people, specifically those with depression. I have chosen depression as focus as I am aware of how many people are affected by depression and think that it is important that the NHS provides the best kind of help to these people. Through my job as debt counsellor and experiences of volunteering for the Samaritans I have spoken to many people with depression and am curious about what is the best way to help them. I want to look at how CBT compares to other alternatives avail... ... It is worth adding that to only look at the situation from a cost perspective does not consider the human suffering angle. It could be argued that it would be immoral to withdraw the option of therapy from the elderly because there is no economic incentive. In practice, however, Hebble (2004) found that old people do not receive the same level of help as those of working age. Holman’s study will provide an interesting insight into whether therapy should be provided more to the elderly. Having looked at the world surrounding the IAPT scheme and introduced the specific studies we have concluded this part of the literature review. Having gained an understanding of the political and social issues that influence the research. The next paper will look into the research methods used and consider what effect these methods may have had on the outcome of the studies.